Nature study reports lead carboxylate passivation yields 24% certified perovskite solar module
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The study published in Nature reports perovskite solar modules with certified efficiencies of 24.0% for an 810 cm² aperture and 22.0% for a 0.72 m² total area, produced with lead carboxylate passivation. The modules passed all IEC 61215 reliability tests. The work represents the highest reported performance for scalable, industrially viable perovskite photovoltaics, despite previous reliance on humidity-sensitive ammonium halides.
Lead Carboxylate Passivation
Xu, Xiao, Liu and colleagues replaced humidity-sensitive ammonium halides with chemically stable lead carboxylates. They treated a perovskite film engineered to have a formamidinium iodide-enriched surface using a high-saturation vapor pressure solvent system of 2-methoxyethanol, 1,3-dioxolane, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Lead dioleate was applied to enhance carrier transport and surface passivation. The approach enabled slot-die coating over a 0.72 m² total area under ambient conditions, avoiding the inert atmosphere previously required.
Certified Module Efficiency
The team fabricated perovskite solar modules with a certified efficiency of 24.0% for an 810 cm² aperture and 22.0% for a 0.72 m² total area. The modules passed all IEC 61215 reliability tests, according to the Nature paper. The authors report this as the highest performance for scalable, industrially viable perovskite photovoltaics. The results were published with DOI 10.1038/s41586-026-10994-7.
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